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There are 26 modern cantons of Switzerland, each of which has an official flag and coat of arms. The history of development of these designs spans the 13th to 20th centuries. Historically, the number of cantons was *eight during 1352–1481, see Eight Cantons *thirteen during 1513–1798, see Thirteen Cantons *twenty cantons of the Helvetic Republic in 1798–1803, without official flags or coats of arms *twenty-two during 1848–1978, including three cantons divided into two half-cantons each *twenty-three during 1979–1999, due to the secession of the canton of Jura from Bern. Nidwalden and Obwalden are traditional subdivisions of Unterwalden. Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft as well as Appenzell Inner- and Ausserrhoden are half cantons, resulting from the division of Basel and Appenzell, respectively. With the Swiss Federal Constitution of 1999, "half-canton" has ceased to be an official designation, so that the official number of cantons is now 26, the former half-cantons being now referred to as "cantons with half a cantonal vote" officially, even though they are still commonly referred to as half-cantons. With the exception of Lucerne, Schwyz and Ticino, the cantonal flags are simply transposed versions of the cantonal coats of arms. In case of Lucerne and Ticino, whose flags consist of fields of different colours divided per fess (horizontally), the coats of arms are of the same colours divided per pale (vertically). Coat of arms of Schwyz has the cross moved from the (hoist) canton to sinister canton with respect to the flag. Of the 22 cantonal coats of arms as they stood with the creation of Switzerland as a federal state in 1848, six are simple bicolor designs. Vaud also has a bicolor, but (against heraldic tradition) an added inscription. The remaining 15 flags include heraldic designs, as follows: *The Swiss cross in two flags, for Schwyz on solid red, and for Neuchâtel in the corner of the "revolutionary" tricolour) *seven flags with heraldic animals: * *the bear for Bern and for Appenzell * *the bull for Uri * *the ram for Schaffhausen * *the ibex for Graubünden (at the time only one of three coats of arms shown side by side for the Three Leagues) * *the eagle for Geneva * *two lions for Thurgau *the bishop's crozier or ''Baslerstab'' for Basel and Jura *the image of a pilgrim (Saint Fridolin) for Glarus *a key for Unterwalden and for Geneva *the ''fasces'' for St. Gallen *stars for Valais and Aargau, the latter with additional wavy lines representing rivers ==History== :''See the List below for the histories of the individual designs.'' The coats of arms of the Thirteen Cantons are based on medieval signs, originating as war flags and as emblems used on seals. For war flags, a distinction was made between ''Banner'' and ''Fähnlein'', the former was the large war flag used only in the case of a full levy of cantonal troops for a major operation. The latter was a smaller flag used for minor military expeditions. The ''Banner'' was considered a sacred possession, usually kept in a church. Losing the banner to an enemy force was a great shame and invited mockery from other cantons. Pope Julius II in recognition of the support he received from Swiss mercenaries against France in 1512 granted the Swiss the title of ''Ecclesiasticae libertatis defensores'' and gave them two large banners, besides a blessed sword and hat. Papal legate Matthias Schiner in addition gave to the Swiss cantons and their associates a total of 42 costly silk banners with augmentations, the so-called ''Juliusbanner''.〔 〕 Some of these banners survive, of the cantonal ones notably those of Zürich and Solothurn. The fashion of arranging cantonal insignia in shields (''escutcheons'') as coats of arms arises in the late 15th century. The ''Tagsatzung'' in Baden was presented with stained glass representations of all cantons in ca. 1501. In these designs, two cantonal ''escutcheons'' were shown side by side, below a shield bearing the Imperial Eagle and a crown, flanked by two banner-bearers. Based on these, there arose a tradition of representing cantonal arms in stained glass (''Standesscheiben''), alive throughout the early modern period and continued in the modern state. File:Ingeram Codex 082.jpg|Depiction of the coat of arms of six of the Eight Cantons (omitting Zürich and Bern, but adding Solothurn and Appenzell) in a 1459 manuscript made for Albert VI, Archduke of Austria. The text denounces "the Swiss" as "faithless vassals" who hold their territories illegally. File:Muzeum Sułkowskich - Zabytkowy Witraż.jpg|''Standesscheibe'' of Unterwalden (1564) File:13 cantons 1577.png| Early depiction of the coats of arms of the Thirteen Cantons (title page of ''La Republique des Suisses'' by Josias Simmler, printed in 1577) File:Siebmacher222.jpg| Coats of arms of the Thirteen Cantons as part of a larger collection of coats of arms of free cities by Johann Siebmacher (1605). File:Merian Topographia 1642 title.png| Depiction of the coats of arms of the thirteen cantons and their associates, printed in 1642. File:Stammbaum CH Kantone.jpg| Depiction of the coats of arms (including half-cantons) as they stood in 1912.〔 *Grisons shows three coats of arms including supporters within the shield. Aargau arranges the three stars in a vertical row. St. Gallen places a cross on the axe blade. Glarus shows Saint Fridolin as carrying a bag. The arms of Obwalden and Nidwalden are swapped〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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